who succeeded to the Prophet's political and administrative functions

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• Abū Bakr — born с 573, Mecca, Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula died Aug. 23, 634, Medina One of the close Companions of the Prophet Muhammad and the first Muslim caliph. Some Muslim traditions say he was the first male convert to Islam after Muhammad. He became… …   Universalium

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• Abu Bakr — For other people with the name, see Abu Bakr (name). Abu Bakr Caliph Abu Bakr s empire at its peak, 634. Khalifat ul Rasūl (Prophet s successor) …   Wikipedia

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• caliph — caliphal /kal euh feuhl, kay leuh /, adj. /kay lif, kal if/, n. 1. a spiritual leader of Islam, claiming succession from Muhammad. 2. any of the former Muslim rulers of Baghdad (until 1258) and of the Ottoman Empire (from 1571 until 1924). Also,… …   Universalium

• JERUSALEM — The entry is arranged according to the following outline: history name protohistory the bronze age david and first temple period second temple period the roman period byzantine jerusalem arab period crusader period mamluk period …   Encyclopedia of Judaism